{"id":8774,"date":"2019-01-10T11:58:36","date_gmt":"2019-01-10T11:58:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/guide-judge-biased-the-application-for-bias-according-to-%c2%a7-42-zpo\/"},"modified":"2025-09-13T11:41:07","modified_gmt":"2025-09-13T11:41:07","slug":"guide-judge-biased-the-application-for-bias-according-to-%c2%a7-42-zpo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/guide-judge-biased-the-application-for-bias-according-to-%c2%a7-42-zpo\/","title":{"rendered":"Guide: Judge biased? The application for bias according to \u00a7 42 ZPO"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8774\" class=\"elementor elementor-8774 elementor-1543\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48d35e73 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48d35e73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b511f16\" data-id=\"1b511f16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53f05d18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"53f05d18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">Guide: Judge biased? The application for bias according to <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/gesetze\/ZPO\/42.html\" title=\"&sect; 42 ZPO: Ablehnung eines Richters\">\u00a7 42 ZPO<\/a> <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b64bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b64bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Anyone who has ever been forced to seek legal assistance to enforce or defend against claims knows that being right and getting right are different things. It is not uncommon, and this experience is (unfortunately) also familiar to many of those affected, for the court proceedings to be accompanied by the impression that the judge responsible for the decision was not neutral and therefore possibly biased. If this partiality is to one&#8217;s own detriment, the question arises as to whether there are options for action in such cases. The following remarks deal with this question.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4514c503\" data-id=\"4514c503\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b52f9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"36b52f9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/judge-gavel-with-justice-lawyers-1030x686.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8595\" alt=\"Judge gavel with Justice lawyers\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/judge-gavel-with-justice-lawyers-1030x686.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/judge-gavel-with-justice-lawyers-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/judge-gavel-with-justice-lawyers-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/judge-gavel-with-justice-lawyers-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/judge-gavel-with-justice-lawyers-1500x1000.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/judge-gavel-with-justice-lawyers-705x470.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/judge-gavel-with-justice-lawyers.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91370ac elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"91370ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;zoomIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d424968 elementor-hidden-phone\" data-id=\"3d424968\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f486112\" data-id=\"f486112\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1914636a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1914636a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>1. neutrality of the court is an essential principle of the rule of law<\/strong><\/h2><p>In our constitutional state, the neutrality of the court is &#8211; of course &#8211; an extremely valuable asset. Our Basic Law therefore stipulates this in Article 97(1): <\/p><blockquote><p><em>Judges are independent and subject only to the law.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><p>The aforementioned provision is closely linked to another provision of our Basic Law, namely Article 101 (1) sentence 2 of the Basic Law:<\/p><blockquote><p><em>No one may be deprived of their legal judge.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><p>The wording of the provision quoted above may be difficult for the legal layperson to understand. It concerns a very important principle for guaranteeing the neutrality of the court: When Article 101 Paragraph 1 Sentence 2 of the Basic Law states that everyone has the right to their own <strong>statutory judge<\/strong>, this is intended to exclude human influence on the question of which judge will ultimately hear a legal case. In practice, this is guaranteed by predetermined objective criteria that decide which case ends up with which court\/judge. The Federal Constitutional Court has defined the following standards (decision of February 8, 1967 &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=2%20BvR%20235\/64\" title=\"BVerfG, 08.02.1967 - 2 BvR 235\/64: Freiwillige Gerichtsbarkeit\">2 BvR 235\/64<\/a>):   <\/p><blockquote><p><em>It follows from this meaning of Article 101.1 of the Basic Law that general rules must exist by virtue of the constitution as to which court, which panel and which judge are appointed to decide the individual case. The authority of the judge to decide in the specific case must be derived as clearly as possible from general provisions, namely from the rules of jurisdiction of the procedural laws and the schedule of responsibilities of the competent court (<a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=BVerfGE%2017,%20294\" title=\"BVerfG, 24.03.1964 - 2 BvR 42\/63: Gesch&auml;ftsverteilungsplan\">BVerfGE 17, 294<\/a> [298 f.] = <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=NJW%2064,%201020\" title=\"BVerfG, 24.03.1964 - 2 BvR 42\/63: Gesch&auml;ftsverteilungsplan\">NJW 64, 1020<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=BVerfGE%2018,%20344\" title=\"BVerfG, 03.02.1965 - 2 BvR 166\/64: Anspruch auf den gesetzlichen Richter bei &Uuml;berbesetzung des ...\">BVerfGE 18, 344<\/a> [351 f.] = <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=NJW%2065,%201219\" title=\"BVerfG, 03.02.1965 - 2 BvR 166\/64: Anspruch auf den gesetzlichen Richter bei &Uuml;berbesetzung des ...\">NJW 65, 1219<\/a>).  <\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><h2><strong>2. guaranteeing neutrality in individual cases<\/strong><\/h2><p>The above-mentioned constitutional regulations alone cannot guarantee that the judge responsible for the decision is actually neutral in individual cases. In addition, the Federal Constitutional Court determined in the decision cited above that judicial neutrality <\/p><blockquote><p><em>(&#8230;) it is essential &#8220;that it is exercised by a non-involved third party&#8221; (<a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=BVerfGE%203,%20377\" title=\"BVerfG, 29.04.1954 - 1 BvR 328\/52: Schwerbesch&auml;digtenschutz\">BVerfGE 3, 377<\/a> [381] = NJW<\/em> <em>54, 833; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=BVerfGE%204,%20331\" title=\"BVerfG, 09.11.1955 - 1 BvL 13\/52: Soforthilfegesetz\">BVerfGE 4, 331<\/a> [346] = <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=NJW%2056,%20137\" title=\"BVerfG, 09.11.1955 - 1 BvL 13\/52: Soforthilfegesetz\">NJW 56, 137<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=BVerfGE%2014,%2056\" title=\"BVerfG, 09.05.1962 - 2 BvL 13\/60: Gemeindegerichte\">BVerfGE 14, 56<\/a> [69] = <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=NJW%2062,%201611\" title=\"BVerfG, 09.05.1962 - 2 BvL 13\/60: Gemeindegerichte\">NJW 62, 1611<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=BVerfGE%2018,%20241\" title=\"BVerfG, 24.11.1964 - 2 BvL 19\/63: &Auml;rztekammern\">BVerfGE 18, 241<\/a> [255] = NJW65, 343). <\/em> <\/p><\/blockquote><p><em> <\/em>The Federal Constitutional Court explained:<\/p><blockquote><p><em>Judicial activity therefore requires neutrality and distance on the part of the judge vis-\u00e0-vis the parties to the proceedings. However, this does not only result in the requirement that &#8211; as the BVerfG in the decisions cited <\/em><\/p><p><em>has ruled &#8211; too close a personal connection between the courts and the bodies whose applications and files they have to rule on is unconstitutional. According to this principle, it must also be ensured that the person seeking justice does not stand before a judge who &#8211; for example due to close kinship, friendship or even <\/em><\/p><p><em>The fact that the company is at enmity with a party &#8211; lacks the necessary neutrality and distance.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><h2><strong>3. the grounds for bias as the basis for an application for bias<\/strong><\/h2><p><strong> <\/strong>According to the principles of the Federal Constitutional Court cited above &#8220;<strong><em>it must also be ensured that the person seeking justice does not stand before a judge who &#8211; for example because of close kinship, friendship or even<\/em> <em>friendship or even enmity with a party &#8211; lacks the necessary neutrality and distance.&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em> <\/em><\/strong><strong>Section 42 of the German Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO)<\/strong> is intended to provide the following legal protection to ensure the above:<\/p><blockquote><p><em>(1) A judge may be recused both in cases in which he or she is excluded by law from exercising the office of judge and on grounds of apprehension of partiality.<\/em><\/p><p><em>(2) A challenge on grounds of apprehension of bias shall be made if there is a reason to justify mistrust of the impartiality of a judge.<\/em><\/p><p><em>(3) Both parties are entitled to the right of refusal in any case.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><h3><u>3.1 Starting point: The statutory grounds for exclusion pursuant to Section 41 ZPO<\/u><\/h3><p><strong>Section 41 of the Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO)<\/strong> standardizes certain circumstances in which a judge is already considered biased by law, <u>namely:<\/u><\/p><p><em>&#8220;1. in matters in which he himself is a party or in which he is in the relationship of a co-authorized party, co-obligated party or party with a right of recourse to a party;<\/em><\/p><p><em>  2. in matters relating to his or her spouse, even if the marriage no longer exists;<\/em><\/p><p><em>  2a. in matters relating to his or her partner, even if the partnership no longer exists;<\/em><\/p><p><em>  3. in the case of a person to whom he is or was related by blood or marriage in the direct line, in the collateral line up to the third degree or related by marriage up to the second degree;<\/em><\/p><p><em>  4. in matters in which he is or was appointed as an authorized representative or counsel for a party or is or was entitled to act as the legal representative of a party;<\/em><\/p><p><em>  5. in matters in which he is questioned as a witness or expert;<\/em><\/p><p><em>  6. in matters in which he has participated in the issuance of the contested decision in a previous appeal or in arbitration proceedings, unless it concerns the activity of a delegated or requested judge;<\/em><\/p><p><em>  7. in cases due to overlong court proceedings, if he has participated in the proceedings complained of in a legal process, on the duration of which the claim for compensation is based;<\/em><\/p><p><em>  8. in matters in which he has participated in mediation proceedings or other out-of-court dispute resolution proceedings.&#8221;<\/em><\/p><h3><u>3.2 The reason for refusal &#8220;Concern of bias&#8221;<\/u><\/h3><p>The &#8220;apprehension of bias&#8221; completes, so to speak, the aforementioned statutory grounds for bias.<\/p><p>From the wording of the law (Section 42 (2) ZPO: (&#8230;) <em>if a reason exists which is capable of justifying mistrust of the impartiality of a judge.) <\/em>, it follows that this reason for bias does not require that a judge is actually biased. It is sufficient if &#8220;objective reasons&#8221; justify the assumption that a judge is biased. <\/p><p>In other words:<\/p><p>Objectively justified mistrust leads to concerns about bias.<\/p><p>With regard to the objective circumstances required to justify distrust of a judge, the grounds for disqualification under Section 41 ZPO (see above) can be helpful. The closer a situation is to one of the grounds for disqualification, the closer it is to the assumption that there is a justified concern regarding the bias of a judge. Here is an example:  <\/p><p>According to \u00a7 41 No. 2\/2a, a judge is excluded in matters concerning his or her spouse or partner. If the matter concerns a person with whom the judge has lived in a domestic partnership for many years, e.g. in the context of a shared flat during their studies, it should be possible to justify concerns of bias with reference to the proximity to this very section 41 no. 2\/2a ZPO. <\/p><p><u>In cases in which Section 41 ZPO cannot be applied, it becomes more difficult:<\/u><\/p><p>According to the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=NJW%202000,%202808\" title=\"NJW 2000, 2808 (2 zugeordnete Entscheidungen)\">NJW 2000, 2808<\/a>), the <strong>rule of thumb<\/strong> is:<\/p><blockquote><p><em>Concerns of bias on the part of a judge (&#8230;) presuppose that there is a reason that is capable of justifying doubts about the judge&#8217;s impartiality. It does not matter whether the judge is actually biased or prejudiced or whether he considers himself to be biased. The only decisive factor is whether, on a reasonable assessment of all the circumstances, there is reason to doubt the impartiality of the judge.  <\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><p>In connection with the above-mentioned rule of thumb, the following groups of cases based on the conduct of the judge typically provide grounds for concern about bias:<\/p><ul><li>The manner in which the proceedings are conducted can give rise to bias, particularly if it suggests that one party is being arbitrarily disadvantaged or favored. Examples of this are the unwillingness to take note of oral or written party submissions, an obviously excessive advance on costs for an expert witness, inappropriate pressure to settle, the rejection of a justified request for transfer by the party without or with an unobjective justification (OLG Cologne NJW-RR 97, 823; OLG Munich <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=NJW-RR%2002,%20862\" title=\"OLG M&uuml;nchen, 04.07.2001 - 12 AR 38\/01\">NJW-RR 02, 862<\/a>), prolonged inactivity of the judge or undue delay in proceedings without objective reason (OLG Brandenburg <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=FamRZ%2001,%20552\" title=\"FamRZ 01, 552 (4 zugeordnete Entscheidungen)\">FamRZ 01, 552<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=BauR%2012,%201150\" title=\"BauR 12, 1150 (8 zugeordnete Entscheidungen)\">BauR 12, 1150<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=OLGR%20Frankfurt%2009,%20115\" title=\"OLG Frankfurt, 16.05.2008 - 19 W 26\/08: Richterablehnung: Besorgnis der Befangenheit wegen Verl...\">OLGR Frankfurt 09, 115<\/a>; doubtful, aA OLG Hamm Beschl v 4.1.11 &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=1%20W%2086\/10\" title=\"OLG Hamm, 04.01.2011 - 1 W 86\/10: Verfahrensrecht - Befangenheit wegen verz&ouml;gerter Sachbearbeit...\">1 W 86\/10<\/a>; LSG NRW decision of 19.10.11 &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=L%2011%20SF%20297\/11%20AB\" title=\"LSG Nordrhein-Westfalen, 19.10.2011 - L 11 SF 297\/11: Sonstige Angelegenheiten\">L 11 SF 297\/11 AB<\/a>). <\/li><li>Assistance to a partyAssistance to a party which, for example, recommends a new cause of action, advises a cross-appeal, points out the way of assignment in order to avoid problems of standing to sue, or suggests the &#8220;escape into default&#8221; in order to avoid disadvantages from missing the deadlines set by the judge himself, gives rise to concerns of bias.The same applies to a reference to possible defenses or counterclaims, in particular the statute of limitations defense (BGH <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=NJW%202004,%20164\" title=\"BGH, 02.10.2003 - V ZB 22\/03: Besorgnis der Befangenheit bei Hinweis auf Verj&auml;hrung\">NJW 2004, 164<\/a>).<\/li><li>UnobjectivityUnobjective behavior is always likely to indicate bias, because such behavior can never be practically justified by procedural tasks. Examples are insulting statements or &#8220;showing the bird&#8221;. <\/li><\/ul><h3><u>3.3 No reason for bias: Judicial references (!)<\/u><\/h3><p>As a rule, judicial references pursuant to Section 139 ZPO do not constitute grounds for bias.<\/p><p>The reform of the German Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO) has significantly strengthened the court&#8217;s duty to provide information, advice and care. Since then, the law has expressly obliged the court to conduct a legal discussion. Accordingly, expressions of legal opinion are not a suitable starting point, e.g. if the judge (provisionally) comments on the prospects of success of the action as part of the introduction to the state of the case and dispute or in settlement discussions. Therefore, for example, the judge&#8217;s suggestion to withdraw the action or the appeal lodged due to a lack of prospects of success cannot constitute bias. The limit is the transition to genuine assistance (see above), which is why, outside of settlement negotiations, references to legal positions for which there are no references in the party&#8217;s statement of claim are not covered by the substantive conduct of proceedings (duty to provide information) of Section 139 ZPO    <\/p><h2><strong>4. the procedure if there are doubts about the neutrality of the judge<\/strong><\/h2><p>In summary, an application for recusal proceeds as follows:<\/p><h3><strong><u>4.1 Application for rejection<\/u><\/strong><\/h3><p>If a party is of the opinion that a judge involved in the proceedings is biased in the aforementioned sense, the party must submit a corresponding recusal request to the court appointed to make the decision, which will then decide on the request without the judge concerned (Section 44 ZPO).<\/p><p>The application for recusal is generally form-free, i.e. it can also be submitted orally by means of a statement for the record. In terms of time, it is generally admissible from the pendency until the judgment becomes final. However, Section 43 ZPO does in fact impose a clear restriction:  <\/p><blockquote><p><em>  43 ZPO<br><\/em><\/p><p><em>A party can no longer object to a judge on the grounds of apprehension of bias if it has entered a hearing or submitted motions to the judge without asserting the reason for objection known to it.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote><p>As a result, this means that an application for recusal must be made immediately after becoming aware of a reason for recusal, because the law interprets any further &#8220;admission&#8221; by the party concerned in the course of the ongoing proceedings as acceptance of the circumstance giving rise to bias.<\/p><p>The application for recusal submitted in an admissible form is justified if there is a reason for exclusion (Section 41 ZPO) or concern about bias (Section 42 ZPO).<\/p><h3><u>4.2 Credibility of the grounds for refusal<\/u><\/h3><p>The grounds for recusal must be substantiated. The official statement of the rejected judge and the affidavit of the legal representative of the rejecting party serve as a means of establishing credibility. <\/p><p>If a request for recusal is only made in the course of proceedings, it must be substantiated that the reason for recusal or knowledge thereof only arose later, in addition to the reason for recusal.<\/p><p>The procedure for deciding on a recusal request is governed by Section 45 ZPO. According to this, the decision on the recusal request is made by the court to which the recused judge belongs, but without the participation of the judge. He is replaced by his representative as specified in the schedule of responsibilities.  <\/p><p>If a judge at the local court is rejected, another judge of the local court &#8211; designated for this purpose in the schedule of responsibilities &#8211; shall decide.<\/p><h3><u>4.3 Decision on the rejection request and appeal<\/u><\/h3><p>Pursuant to Section 46 ZPO, the decision is made by means of an order against which an immediate appeal may be lodged if the application for recusal is declared inadmissible or unfounded. 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status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-nicht-kategorisiert\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/up-to-e10000-before-the-local-court-why-it-goes-wrong\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"685\" src=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-or-enforcement-office--1030x685.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8573\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-or-enforcement-office--1030x685.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-or-enforcement-office--300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-or-enforcement-office--768x511.png 768w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-or-enforcement-office--1536x1022.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-or-enforcement-office--1500x998.png 1500w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-or-enforcement-office--705x469.png 705w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-or-enforcement-office-.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Nicht kategorisiert<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/up-to-e10000-before-the-local-court-why-it-goes-wrong\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tUp to \u20ac10,000 before the local court: why it goes wrong\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>Up to \u20ac10,000 in the local court &#8211; a mistake with an announcement. The planned reform of the amount in dispute will shift masses of proceedings from the regional courts to the local courts. Sounds like a relief &#8211; but will have the opposite effect.  <\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/up-to-e10000-before-the-local-court-why-it-goes-wrong\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Up to \u20ac10,000 before the local court: why it goes wrong\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead more \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\tSeptember 10, 2025\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-8559 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-contract-law\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/contract-law-stuttgart-21-and-the-speech-clause-a-lesson-in-clear-contract-drafting\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"687\" src=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/social_sprechklausel_legalplus_teaser-1-1030x687.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8566\" alt=\"Vertragsrecht Stuttgart 21 \u2013 Sprechklausel Urteil\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/social_sprechklausel_legalplus_teaser-1-1030x687.png 1030w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/social_sprechklausel_legalplus_teaser-1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/social_sprechklausel_legalplus_teaser-1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/social_sprechklausel_legalplus_teaser-1-705x470.png 705w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/social_sprechklausel_legalplus_teaser-1.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Contract Law<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/contract-law-stuttgart-21-and-the-speech-clause-a-lesson-in-clear-contract-drafting\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tContract law: Stuttgart 21 and the speech clause &#8211; a lesson in clear contract drafting\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>Sometimes a single sentence decides billions. This is exactly what happened with the Stuttgart 21 project. At the center of the legal dispute was a short contractual provision &#8211; the so-called &#8220;speech clause&#8221;.    <\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/contract-law-stuttgart-21-and-the-speech-clause-a-lesson-in-clear-contract-drafting\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Contract law: Stuttgart 21 and the speech clause &#8211; a lesson in clear contract drafting\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead more \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\tAugust 8, 2025\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-8577 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-commercial-law category-contract-law category-international-procedural-law category-nicht-kategorisiert\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/breach-of-an-international-jurisdiction-agreement-can-result-in-liability-for-damages-on-the-ruling-of-the-bgh-from-17-10-2019-ref-iii-zr-42-19\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/judge-s-gavel-symbol-for-jurisdiction-law-concept-a-wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-1030x579.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8578\" alt=\"Judge&#039;s gavel. Symbol for jurisdiction. Law concept a wooden judges gavel on table in a courtroom\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/judge-s-gavel-symbol-for-jurisdiction-law-concept-a-wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-1030x579.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/judge-s-gavel-symbol-for-jurisdiction-law-concept-a-wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/judge-s-gavel-symbol-for-jurisdiction-law-concept-a-wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/judge-s-gavel-symbol-for-jurisdiction-law-concept-a-wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/judge-s-gavel-symbol-for-jurisdiction-law-concept-a-wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-1500x844.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/judge-s-gavel-symbol-for-jurisdiction-law-concept-a-wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom-705x397.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/judge-s-gavel-symbol-for-jurisdiction-law-concept-a-wooden-judges-gavel-on-table-in-a-courtroom.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__badge\">Commercial law<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/breach-of-an-international-jurisdiction-agreement-can-result-in-liability-for-damages-on-the-ruling-of-the-bgh-from-17-10-2019-ref-iii-zr-42-19\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tBreach of an international jurisdiction agreement can result in liability for damages! &#8211; On the ruling of the BGH from 17.10.2019 (Ref. III ZR 42\/19)\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__excerpt\">\n\t\t\t<p>International agreements on jurisdiction, especially if they are to have exclusive validity, generally have the purpose of protecting the party benefiting from the agreement from the often very considerable costs of a legal dispute in a foreign country.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, however, it is not uncommon for the other contracting party to suddenly no longer want to know about the jurisdiction agreement in the event of a dispute. The background to such a dishonest approach is &#8211; obviously &#8211; not least the potential for blackmail associated with such an approach. This is because the party that finds itself &#8211; in breach of the jurisdiction agreement &#8211; exposed to a foreign lawsuit is regularly forced to take action abroad through lawyers in order to avoid legal disadvantages. This in turn is often very expensive, with the USA being the most prominent example.     <\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/breach-of-an-international-jurisdiction-agreement-can-result-in-liability-for-damages-on-the-ruling-of-the-bgh-from-17-10-2019-ref-iii-zr-42-19\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Breach of an international jurisdiction agreement can result in liability for damages! &#8211; On the ruling of the BGH from 17.10.2019 (Ref. III ZR 42\/19)\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead more \"\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\tSeptember 4, 2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-load-more-anchor\" data-page=\"1\" data-max-page=\"26\" data-next-page=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/2\/\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-pagination\" aria-label=\"Pagination\">\n\t\t\t<span aria-current=\"page\" class=\"page-numbers current\"><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Page<\/span>1<\/span>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/2\/\"><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Page<\/span>2<\/a>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/3\/\"><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Page<\/span>3<\/a>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/4\/\"><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Page<\/span>4<\/a>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/5\/\"><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Page<\/span>5<\/a>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/6\/\"><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Page<\/span>6<\/a>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/7\/\"><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Page<\/span>7<\/a>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/8\/\"><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Page<\/span>8<\/a>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8774\/page\/9\/\"><span 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elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"514a930a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d0a4e03 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3d0a4e03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62ad8005\" data-id=\"62ad8005\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489bd500 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"489bd500\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"Kontakt\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a158b96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a158b96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">CONTACT<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4cff9ba6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4cff9ba6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-52836f4b\" data-id=\"52836f4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79cb9182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"79cb9182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"1030\" src=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-1030x1030.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8410\" alt=\"LEGAL+\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-1030x1030.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-36x36.jpg 36w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-180x180.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-705x705.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-450x450.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2.jpg 1151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b51f658\" data-id=\"6b51f658\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27cad358 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"27cad358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-home\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+49 (40)  57199 74 80\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d2868e1\" data-id=\"4d2868e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ba6e1 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"90ba6e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-mobile-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+49 (170) 1203  74 0\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-30fa8d68\" data-id=\"30fa8d68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c1821bf elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1c1821bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-phone\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeuer Wall 61 D-20354 Hamburg\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bb5dd40\" data-id=\"2bb5dd40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b58333 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1b58333\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tkontakt@legal-plus.eu\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-59ecd47f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"59ecd47f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-610336af\" data-id=\"610336af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d3f114f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7d3f114f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ddb78e elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ddb78e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fb7ac03\" data-id=\"fb7ac03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eedbfe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5eedbfe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Benefit from my active network!<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6289ee3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6289ee3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">I look forward to our networking.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62c6b3c8 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"62c6b3c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-306d069\" data-id=\"306d069\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3956bc34 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"3956bc34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.xing.com\/profile\/Daniel_MeierGreve\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-xing\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-33d83531\" data-id=\"33d83531\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d62ac41 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"1d62ac41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/daniel-meier-greve-32326380\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d35d059 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d35d059\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c6a9b0\" data-id=\"4c6a9b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21113a49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21113a49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Copyright  2026  \u00a9 All rights reserved.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5341a11 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5341a11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fdb3166\" data-id=\"fdb3166\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section 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src=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-80x80.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-8406\" alt=\"LEGAL+\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-36x36.jpg 36w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-180x180.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-450x450.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-270x270.jpg 270w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-192x192.jpg 192w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon-32x32.jpg 32w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/cropped-LegalPlus-icon.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anyone who has ever been forced to seek legal assistance to enforce or defend against claims knows that being right and getting right are different things. It is not uncommon, and this experience is (unfortunately) also familiar to many of those affected, for the court proceedings to be accompanied by the impression that the judge responsible for the decision was not neutral and therefore possibly biased. If this partiality is to one&#8217;s own detriment, the question arises as to whether there are options for action in such cases. The following remarks deal with this question.   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8775,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nicht-kategorisiert"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Guide: Judge biased? 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