{"id":10472,"date":"2026-04-01T13:11:29","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T13:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/international-disputes\/"},"modified":"2026-04-02T14:14:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T14:14:01","slug":"international-disputes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/international-disputes\/","title":{"rendered":"International disputes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"10472\" class=\"elementor elementor-10472 elementor-10235\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5deaac7 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5deaac7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" 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href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/legal-plus\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">BEYOND ADVICE | PROFILE<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-10450\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/core-focus-areas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Core focus areas<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10477\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/mechanical-and-plant-engineering-sector\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Mechanical and plant engineering sector<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10476\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/international-disputes\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">International disputes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8554\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/newsroom\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Newsroom<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-8880\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/litigation-in-germany\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">International Clients<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9630\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/sued-in-germany\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Sued in Germany<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9629\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/sue-a-german-company\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Sue a German Company<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9627\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/appeal-german-judgment\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Appealing a German Judgment<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9628\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/enforce-foreign-court-judgments-in-germany\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Enforce Foreign Court Judgments in Germany<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-1e15bb4\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8527\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/legal-plus\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">BEYOND ADVICE | PROFILE<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-10450\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/core-focus-areas\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Core focus areas<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10477\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/mechanical-and-plant-engineering-sector\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Mechanical and plant engineering sector<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10476\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/international-disputes\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">International disputes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8554\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/newsroom\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Newsroom<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-8880\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/litigation-in-germany\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">International Clients<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9630\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/sued-in-germany\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Sued in Germany<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9629\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/sue-a-german-company\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Sue a German Company<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9627\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/appeal-german-judgment\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Appealing a German Judgment<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9628\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/en\/enforce-foreign-court-judgments-in-germany\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Enforce Foreign Court Judgments in Germany<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-89f15f8 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"89f15f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;video&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d11443c\" data-id=\"d11443c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88271b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"88271b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4cd2e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4cd2e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">International disputes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a213f0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a213f0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-77a1602 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"77a1602\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1783931\" data-id=\"1783931\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef7bcaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef7bcaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Your specialist for cross-border litigation<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3531493 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3531493\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Your business does not end at the German border. Your customers are based in Scandinavia, your suppliers in Eastern Europe or Asia, and your projects run in countries whose legal systems you do not know. That works as long as everyone performs and pays.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p>But when a foreign contractual partner fails to pay, when it alleges defects that do not exist, when it sues you before a court you have never even heard of, you are facing a situation fundamentally different from a purely domestic German dispute. Not because the law would necessarily be more complicated. But because every decision you take now sets a course that will be difficult, if not impossible, to correct later. Which court will hear the dispute? Which law applies? Can I enforce a German judgment abroad at all? Do I have to defend myself against foreign proceedings \u2014 or can I ignore them?      <\/p><p> <\/p><p>These are not academic questions. These are questions that decide on hundreds of thousands of euros. And they need to be answered correctly in the first few days, not in the first few months.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p>In a purely domestic German dispute, much is taken for granted: you sue before the competent court, that court applies German law, and the judgment is enforceable in Germany. In a cross-border dispute, none of this can be taken for granted. Whether you can sue in Germany or must proceed before a foreign court depends on frameworks your contractual partner \u2014 or its lawyers \u2014 will know and invoke: the Brussels Ia Regulation within the EU, the Lugano Convention vis-\u00e0-vis Switzerland, Norway and Iceland, bilateral treaties, or simply the question whether there is a valid jurisdiction clause. The law applied by the court does not automatically follow the forum, but is determined by separate conflict rules \u2014 the Rome I Regulation for contractual claims and the Rome II Regulation for non-contractual claims \u2014 which can lead to results you did not expect. And even if you obtain a judgment in Germany, enforcement abroad is a separate process with its own requirements and its own risk of failure.    <\/p><p> <\/p><p>Anyone who fails to consider these questions from the outset may end up litigating in the wrong place, under the wrong law, and with a result that cannot be enforced. That is not a theoretical risk. I see it regularly in matters brought to me after exactly that has happened.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1132d62 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1132d62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e58251 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"7e58251\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b87c9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b87c9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">One clause and its consequences<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8fb48c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8fb48c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The complexity of international disputes can be illustrated by a single contractual clause \u2014 a clause found in almost every contract with a foreign business partner and one that rarely worries anyone when the contract is signed.<\/p><p> <\/p><p>Many supply contracts contain a clause like this:<\/p><blockquote><p> <\/p><p><strong>\u201cFor all disputes arising out of or in connection with this contract, the courts in Hamburg shall have jurisdiction. German law shall apply.\u201d <\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote><p> <\/p><p>Two sentences, accepted by the contractual partner. When the contract is signed, no one pays much attention to them \u2014 the focus is on price, specification and delivery date. <\/p><p> <\/p><p>Then the foreign contractual partner fails to pay the final invoice. It alleges defects, asserts damages claims based on alleged delay, and unilaterally reduces the invoice amount. You intend to sue in Hamburg \u2014 that is what the contract says. Before the claim is filed, however, a statement of claim arrives \u2014 not from Hamburg, but from a court in the partner\u2019s home state. The partner has filed suit there for damages and has simply ignored the jurisdiction clause.    <\/p><p> <\/p><p>The first question is not the obvious one \u2014 whether it is allowed to do that \u2014 but one you may not even have had on your radar: where is the contractual partner based? The same clause can have entirely different effects depending on whether the partner is based in an EU Member State, in Switzerland, in Norway, in the United Kingdom after Brexit, or in a state to which none of these frameworks applies. Within the EU, the Brussels Ia Regulation applies. Article 25(1) recognises the clause, and the second sentence of Article 25(1) presumes its exclusivity. Vis-\u00e0-vis Switzerland, Norway and Iceland, the Lugano Convention applies \u2014 similar, but not identical. For many states in the Middle East, South-East Asia and South America, there is no comparable regime. The 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements obliges its contracting states to respect exclusive jurisdiction clauses. But a number of economically important trading partners of Germany have not acceded to it. In those states, there is no treaty basis requiring the local court to respect the Hamburg clause. Which regime applies to your contractual partner is a question that must be answered when the contract is concluded \u2014 not only once a dispute has already arisen.          <\/p><p> <\/p><p>The intuitive reaction \u2014 ignoring the foreign proceedings because Hamburg has been agreed \u2014 is in almost every scenario the worst possible response. In most legal systems, failure to appear results in a default judgment. Whether that judgment can be recognised in Germany depends, among other things, on whether the foreign court had jurisdiction under German standards (section 328(1) no. 1 of the German Code of Civil Procedure) and whether the statement of claim was duly served \u2014 under the Hague Service Convention, if the state of origin is a contracting state. Whether the default judgment can be enforced in third countries in which you hold assets or business relationships is a different question altogether and depends on the law of the state of enforcement. Anyone who assumes that a judgment which cannot be recognised in Germany cannot cause damage elsewhere is mistaken.    <\/p><p> <\/p><p>But defending the claim abroad also carries a distinct risk: anyone who appears before the foreign court and argues the merits without first contesting jurisdiction may thereby establish the very jurisdiction of that court. Submission without objection is a principle found not only in Article 26 of the Brussels Ia Regulation, but in one form or another in almost every procedural system in the world. How the jurisdictional objection must be raised \u2014 within what time limit, in what form, and under what authority \u2014 is determined exclusively by the law of that state. A procedural error at that stage can destroy the jurisdiction argument before the actual dispute has even begun.   <\/p><p> <\/p><p>Within the EU, there is an instrument for this situation that many are unfamiliar with: Article 31(2) of the Brussels Ia Regulation breaks the usual lis pendens priority rule \u2014 the court first seised must stay its proceedings if you subsequently sue before the court designated in the jurisdiction clause. There is nothing comparable vis-\u00e0-vis courts in third states. There, parallel proceedings in two jurisdictions may run simultaneously, with all associated costs and the risk of inconsistent decisions.   <\/p><p> <\/p><p>But even within the EU, where you may think you are protected, matters can take a different course than expected. What if the contractual partner \u2014 or its lawyers \u2014 pleads the claim not as a contractual claim, but as a tort claim? In Wikingerhof v Booking.com (judgment of 24 November 2020, case <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=C-59\/19\" title=\"C-59\/19 (2 zugeordnete Entscheidungen)\">C-59\/19<\/a>), the Court of Justice of the European Union held that claims based on the breach of statutory duties do not fall under contractual jurisdiction \u2014 even if they are brought between contractual partners. The tort forum under Article 7(2) lies at the place where the harmful event occurred, not in Hamburg. Product liability claims, competition-law injunction claims, claims based on breaches of safety regulations \u2014 a carefully pleaded claim can circumvent the agreed forum. What if the contractual partner becomes involved in proceedings in another EU state and there gives you notice of dispute, or if there is an intervention claim or counterclaim? In that case, the jurisdiction of the foreign court may arise from Article 8(2) or (3) of the Regulation \u2014 and the Hamburg clause may never even be addressed as a jurisdictional issue.      <\/p><p> <\/p><p>All of this presupposes that the clause is valid in the first place. Article 25(1), third sentence, of the Brussels Ia Regulation imposes its own formal requirements \u2014 and the CJEU interprets them strictly. What if the clause appears in general terms and conditions sent by email but never expressly confirmed? What if it is contained in a framework agreement to which the individual orders make no reference? What if the contractual partner never read the clause in its own language? A defect in form renders the clause invalid \u2014 and without a valid clause, the statutory rules on jurisdiction apply, potentially leading to a completely different court.      <\/p><p> <\/p><p>Assume you ultimately prevail in Hamburg. A final judgment, enforceable in Germany. But the contractual partner\u2019s assets are abroad. Within the EU, since 2015, judgments are enforceable without exequatur proceedings. As against Switzerland and Norway, the Lugano Convention applies. As against the United Kingdom after Brexit, at best the Hague Convention may apply \u2014 provided the clause meets its requirements. As against a large number of other states, there is no enforcement regime at all. A German judgment is simply not enforceable there \u2014 unless the law of the debtor\u2019s state provides for recognition on the basis of reciprocity, which is often uncertain. If the contract had contained an arbitration clause rather than a jurisdiction clause, an arbitral award would be enforceable in more than 170 states under the 1958 New York Convention. Whether to choose a jurisdiction clause or an arbitration clause is a decision that must be taken when the contract is concluded, based on the partner\u2019s seat, the location of its assets, and the type of dispute one can expect. It cannot be corrected later.          <\/p><p> <\/p><p>And what about the second sentence of the clause? \u201cGerman law shall apply.\u201d Binding on the Hamburg court within the framework of the Rome I Regulation. But that Regulation has limits not visible in the contract text. Article 9 permits the application of overriding mandatory provisions \u2014 mandatory rules of the forum state or the place of performance \u2014 irrespective of the parties\u2019 choice of law. Safety regulations at the place of installation, export control law, employment-law rules of the country where the work is performed. If the contractual partner bases its claim on non-contractual grounds, the applicable law is governed by the Rome II Regulation, which points to the place where the damage occurs \u2014 not to the contractual choice-of-law clause. A court outside the EU applies its own conflict rules; the Rome Regulations apply only before EU courts. In that context, the contractual choice-of-law clause is, at best, one factor among many.<\/p><p> <\/p><p>What does the clause capture at all? \u201cAll disputes arising out of or in connection with this contract\u201d \u2014 the German Federal Court of Justice has made clear that the substantive scope of a jurisdiction clause must be determined by interpretation (judgment of 6 December 2018, case <a href=\"https:\/\/dejure.org\/dienste\/vernetzung\/rechtsprechung?Text=IX%20ZR%2022\/18\" title=\"BGH, 06.12.2018 - IX ZR 22\/18: Internationale Zust&auml;ndigkeit nach der Br&uuml;ssel-I-VO: Sachliche Re...\">IX ZR 22\/18<\/a>). Does it cover pre-contractual claims? Does it include claims based on the breach of protective statutes? Does it bind third parties brought within the protective scope of the contract? Does it extend to claims arising after termination? Does it exclude the assertion of set-off or rights of retention in other proceedings? These are all questions that can turn on two short sentences and may be answered differently depending on the court, the applicable law and the way the claim is pleaded.  <\/p><p> <\/p><p><strong>Two sentences in a contract. And behind them lies a field that cannot be mastered without specialised knowledge of international civil procedure. <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d521aaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d521aaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f068575\" data-id=\"f068575\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04f4c23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04f4c23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CLIENT TESTIMONIALS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5e9288b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5e9288b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ba15d03\" data-id=\"ba15d03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-948b990 elementor-testimonial--layout-image_stacked elementor-testimonial--skin-default elementor-testimonial--align-center elementor-pagination-type-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial-carousel\" data-id=\"948b990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;space_between&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:26,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;slides_per_view&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;pagination&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;space_between_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space_between_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;space_between_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-main-swiper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Slider\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We first met Attorney Daniel Meier-Greve in 2014 and can state that we found a highly competent expert in the field of business law. It is rare nowadays to encounter such a dedicated lawyer\u2014one who not only listens to a company\u2019s concerns but also shows remarkable initiative in familiarizing himself with and thinking along the lines of the company\u2019s philosophy. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__footer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<cite class=\"elementor-testimonial__cite\"><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__name\">Murat Bayram<\/span><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__title\">Managing Director \/ EMR European Metal Recycling GmbH<\/span><\/cite>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On the basis of a recommendation, we retained Attorney Meier-Greve in a highly complex litigation matter. He familiarized himself with the case in an impressively short time. He identified litigation risks without glossing over them and then developed and successfully implemented a targeted strategy together with us. Particularly noteworthy is his consistently transparent approach and his dedication. He truly takes every case personally and is available to his clients around the clock!    <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__footer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<cite class=\"elementor-testimonial__cite\"><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__name\">Nico Im\u00e9r<\/span><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__title\">Management \/ Szuro GmbH<\/span><\/cite>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Many thanks for your long-standing, dedicated support, which ultimately led to a very successful outcome. <\/p>\n<p>It was a real uphill battle.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__footer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<cite class=\"elementor-testimonial__cite\"><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__name\">Rudolf Kastner<\/span><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__title\">Supervisory Board \/ EGT AG<\/span><\/cite>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In search of a litigation lawyer, we were introduced to Attorney Daniel Meier-Greve through a recommendation and entrusted him with a complex dispute. From the very first contact, Mr. Meier-Greve gave us the reassuring sense that we were in good hands. After the initial alignment, I was able to fully refocus on my daily business while Mr. Meier-Greve took care of everything else and kept me transparently informed. I particularly value his pragmatic approach and his strength as a skilled negotiator. Today I can look back on a successfully resolved matter and know without hesitation whom I will entrust again with JPL\u2019s legal affairs when needed.     <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__footer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<cite class=\"elementor-testimonial__cite\"><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__name\">Jan Langen<\/span><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__title\">Managing Director \/ JPL Consulting GmbH<\/span><\/cite>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\"Dear Mr. Meier-Greve,<\/p>\n<p>When assigning the mandate, I trusted my instincts after our initial meeting \u2014 and as I now know, I was absolutely right to do so.<\/p>\n<p>I would now like to thank you.<\/p>\n<p>First of all, thank you for your patience and openness in responding to my questions and objections, and also for your constant dedication to presenting the best possible outcome in court.<br \/>\nWith your professional expertise, you explained all the legal issues and procedures to me in a clear and understandable way, which gave me a great sense of confidence.<\/p>\n<p>I always had the feeling that you took your mandate very seriously and were fully committed to the case.<br \/>\nMy impression was that you were always attentive to my needs and that you consistently went above and beyond throughout the entire process. <\/p>\n<p>I would also like to add another word of praise: at all times I felt that you genuinely cared about me as a client and that you were truly pleased to be able to help me and win the case for me.<br \/>\nYou didn\u2019t \u2018just do your job\u2019 \u2014 it was evident that you had the motivation to do everything possible to support me as your client. I found this especially positive and consider it exceptional. <\/p>\n<p>I was very pleased to handle this case together with you. Looking ahead, I hope I will not need your services in another civil lawsuit. But I am very glad to have met you as a remarkable person.  <\/p>\n<p>Best regards to Hamburg<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial__footer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<cite class=\"elementor-testimonial__cite\"><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__name\">Thorsten Kistner | Kistner bid &amp; trade e.K.<\/span><span class=\"elementor-testimonial__title\">Management<\/span><\/cite>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c5500c4 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c5500c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ab8d6a3\" data-id=\"ab8d6a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09b9c79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"09b9c79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">CONTACT<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3baadde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3baadde\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa025e9\" data-id=\"fa025e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6aba85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b6aba85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"1030\" src=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-1030x1030.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8410\" alt=\"LEGAL+\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-1030x1030.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-80x80.jpg 80w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-36x36.jpg 36w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-180x180.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-705x705.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-120x120.jpg 120w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2-450x450.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.legal-plus.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Ihr-Kontakt-zum-Hamburger-Anwalt-f\u00fcr-Vertragsrecht-2.jpg 1151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0416659\" data-id=\"0416659\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33c4a17 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"33c4a17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tkontakt@legal-plus.eu\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa2120e\" data-id=\"fa2120e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01c6d79 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"01c6d79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-phone\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+49 (40)  57199 74 80\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7dbe3d7\" data-id=\"7dbe3d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab75584 elementor-view-default elementor-position-block-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"ab75584\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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Your customers are based in Scandinavia, your suppliers in Eastern Europe or Asia, and your projects run in countries whose legal systems you do not know. That works as long as everyone performs and pays. But when a foreign [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10472","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>International disputes - representation in cross-border conflicts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cross-border legal dispute? 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